The tax overhaul blueprint released by House Republicans Nov. 2 is a long way from the finish line. Despite fitful efforts at crafting tax plans, beginning when the Republicans took over the House of Representatives in the 2010 elections, this detailed proposal released by Ways and Means Chairman Kevin Brady (R-Texas) is seen by many as the first real step.
The journey has just begun, however. There will certainly be changes made by Brady’s committee and then by the full House. And, then the U.S. Senate will weigh in with its must-haves and absolutely-nots. Still, every taxpayer needs to pay attention. Here are key provisions in the House bill that could affect your wallet.
There will be significant winners and losers on thesechanges – happy to discuss but should probably be over whiskey or wine.
Tax Bracket Changes – Will you Win of Will You Lose
The plan calls for squeezing the current system of seven income tax brackets down to just four brackets. Proponents say it simplifies the law, but few taxpayers actually use the brackets to figure their bill (they use software or, for those with taxable income under $100,000, pick a number off a table). But where the new tax brackets start and end will have a lot to do with what you owe.
The plan calls to replace the current 10% bracket with a 12% bracket. That might sound like a punishment for lower-income earners, but proponents say they’ll be okay because more of their income will be tax-free. At the other end of the scale, after much debate, House tax writers decided to leave the top rate at 39.6%, but that rate would kick in at a much higher taxable income level: $1 million versus $470,700 on a joint return under today’s rules. On the joint return, taxing the $529,300 difference at 35% instead of at 39.6% would save the couple nearly $25,000.
Here are the current tax brackets and those proposed in the House plan.
Single Return
| Taxable Income | Tax Rate | Taxable Income | Tax Rate |
| Up to $9,325 | 10% | Up to $45,000 | 12% |
| $9,325 to $37,950 | 15% | $45,000 to $200,00 | 25% |
| $37,950 to $91,900 | 25% | $200,000 to $500,000 | 35% |
| $91,900 to $191,650 | 28% | Over $500,000 | 39.6% |
| $191,650 to $416,700 | 33% | ||
| $416,700 to $418,400 | 35% | ||
| Over $418,400 | 39.6% |
Joint Return
| Taxable Income | Tax Rate | Taxable Income | Tax Rate |
| Up to $18,650 | 10% | Up to $90,000 | 12% |
| $18,650 to $75,900 | 15% | $90,000 to $260,00 | 25% |
| $75,900 to $153,100 | 25% | $260,000 to $1,000,000 | 35% |
| $153,100 to $233,350 | 28% | Over $1,000,000 | 39.6% |
| $233,350 to $416,700 | 33% | ||
| $416,700 to $470,000 | 35% | ||
| Over $470,000 | 39.6% |
These numbers are not set in stone. As part of President Bill Clinton’s tax legislation in 1993, lawmakers proposed imposing what was called a “millionaire’s surtax” with a 39.6% rate on taxable income over $1 million. In the end, that rate kicked in at $250,000.
Bigger Standard Deduction, Lesser Exemptions
A hallmark of the tax plan is the call to nearly double the standard deduction, which would not only make more income tax-free but also simplify the system. Congressional analysts say bulking up the standard deduction would let more than 30 million taxpayers avoid the hassle of itemizing write-offs on their tax return. The bigger standard deduction would be bigger than all their qualifying expenses. The proposal would raise the standard deduction on a single return from $6,350 to $12,000 and from $12,700 to $24,000 on a joint return (note that it’s not quite double).
Oh, but there is a catch: In exchange for the bigger standard deduction, the proposal gets rid of $4,050 for each exemption claimed on the return. So, a married couple with four kids would lose $24,300 in exemptions in exchange for the $11,300 boost in their standard deduction. (For some families, part of that would be made up via larger child credits. Also, single filers with one child or more would get an even bigger standard deduction: $18,000.)
The House plan estimates that increasing the standard deduction will cost the government about $1 trillion over 10 years; eliminating the personal exemptions would cost taxpayers about $1.5 trillion over the same period.
No More Tax Break for you Beach House
The bill slashes some tax breaks for homeowners, starting with the deduction for mortgage interest. Homeowners would be permitted to deduct mortgage interest on loans of up to $500,000, down from the current cap of $1 million. Existing loans would be grandfathered. Homeowners would no longer be allowed to deduct mortgage interest on second homes and home equity lines of credit.
Primary Home Exclusion Will Become More Elusive
The bill would retain the exclusion from capital gains taxes on the sale of your primary home, which allows you to exempt up to $250,000, or $500,000 (of the gain) if you’re married. However, it would phase out the exclusion for single taxpayers with income of more than $250,000, or $500,000 for married couples. In addition, you’d have to live in your home for five out of the past eight years to qualify for the full exclusion. Currently, you must live in your home for two out of the last five years to claim the tax break and there is no phase out based on income.
Could Divorce be made more contentious?
Currently, the law allows ex-spouses who pay alimony under a divorce decree to deduct the amount they pay. And, the ex-spouse who receives the money has to report it as taxable income. The House plan would get the tax law out of such financial arrangements. For any divorce decree executed (or altered) after the end of this year, alimony payment would be tax-free to the recipient…and the paying spouse would not get a deduction.
The change would add about $8 million to government coffers over 10 years, tax analysts say, probably because payers are often in higher tax brackets than recipients
New Uses for 529 Plans
The bill would allow parents to use up to $10,000 a year from state-sponsored 529 savings plans to pay for private elementary and high school tuition. Currently, tax-free withdrawals from 529 plans are limited to college costs. Coverdell education savings accounts, which allow parents to save up to $2,000 a year for private elementary, high school or college tuition, would be eliminated, but owners would be allowed to roll them into a 529 plan.
Elimination of Estate Taxes & AMT?
The bill would increase the exemption from estate taxes—$5.49 million in 2017—to $10 million and phase the tax out entirely by 2023. It would also repeal the alternative minimum tax, a parallel tax system developed more than 40 years ago to ensure that the very wealthy paid some tax. Currently, taxpayers who may fall into the AMT zone have to calculate their taxes twice to determine which system applies to them.
Health Care Deduction Axed
The bill would eliminate the itemized deduction for unreimbursed medical expenses. Currently, the deduction is limited to expenses that exceed 10% of a taxpayer’s adjusted gross income.
Child-Care Would Get More Expensive
The House plan calls for the repeal of the popular break that lets parents set aside up to $5,000 of pre-tax salary to pay for child care while they work. The break applies to care of children under age 13 and, currently, the money can even be used to pay for summer day camp. By killing the break after this year, congressional analysts say the change will raise $3 billion over the next ten years.
Also of note…
Lawmakers shelved a proposal to limit tax-deferred contributions to 401(k) plans to as low as $2,400 a year in response to strong opposition from the financial services industry and lots of other groups. (For 2018, workers can save up to $18,500, or $24,500 if you’re 50 or older). But the bill would make it more difficult to convert a traditional individual retirement account to a Roth.